See this example: TEC101-Scratch on Scratch
Scratch is the world's largest free coding community for kids. Sponsored by MIT, it allows children of all ages to experiment and experience a simple visual interface. The site allows the creation of digital stories, games, and animated creations that can be shared.
In making this animation, I experienced difficulty in making a flowing story. In order to finish, I continually put it in play and adjusted positions.
Because a CPU only understands 0's and 1's, instructions must be just 0's and 1's. Such instructions are known as machine language. The CPU understands instructions such as Input, Add, Output, and Stop. A typical CPU supports many instructions, like subtracting, multiplying, dividing, jumping, etc.. Of course, humans don't easily think in 0's and 1's. Assembly language is a textual human-understandable representation of a machine language's 0's and 1's, as in: Add M[5] M[6] M[7]. A program called an assembler automatically converts an assembly language program into machine language.
A high-level language is a programming language having higher-level instructions than an assembly language, enabling greater programmer productivity. For example, high-level instruction supports a formula, like C = (5/9) * (F - 32), which converts Fahrenheit to Celsius. The first mainstream high-level language was Fortran, which was developed by IBM in 1957 and is short for Formula Translation. A compiler program converts a high-level language to assembly/machine language. Many high-level languages have been developed. Popular languages today include C, C++, Java, Python, and Javascript, each with different strengths/weaknesses and designed for different purposes.
Python is a high-level programming language that is increasingly popular due in part to its ease of learning, its freedom of availability, and its powerful high-level data-processing operations. Rather than copy-pasting repeated instructions repeatedly, Python provides a for-loop instruction, which repeats the loop's subsequent instructions a specified number of times.
JavaScript, often abbreviated as JS, is a programming language and core technology of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and CSS. In fact, it is estimated that 99% of websites use JavaScript to maintain webpage behavior. Although it does not contain any input/output, such as networking, storage, or graphics.
C++ was designed with systems programming and embedded, resource-constrained software and large systems in mind, with performance, efficiency, and flexibility of use as its design highlights. C++ is standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), with the latest standard version ratified and published by ISO in October of 2024 as ISO/IEC 14882:2024. Since 2012, C++ has been on a three-year release schedule.
References:
TEC 101: Fundamentals of Information Technology & Literacy
zyBook ISBN: 979-8-203-91383-8
Authors and contributors
| Authors | Frank Vahid / Professor of Computer Science and Engineering / Univ. of California, Riverside Susan Lysecky / Senior Content Developer / zyBooks Nkenge Wheatland / Content Developer / zyBooks Ron Siu / Content Developer / zyBooks |
| Contributors | Roman Lysecky / Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering / Univ. of Arizona Alex Edgcomb / Senior Software Developer / zyBooks Joshua Yuen |
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